Air pollution in Ghana now claims more than 30,000 lives annually. This alarming figure makes air pollution a leading cause of death in the country. Health experts warn that smoke from vehicle exhaust contains cancer-causing substances.
This significant death toll exceeds the combined fatalities from malaria, HIV/AIDS, and road traffic accidents. The warning comes amid growing concerns over deteriorating air quality across Ghana. Pollution levels in several communities currently surpass national and international safety standards.
This public health crisis is deeply embedded in Ghana's rapid urbanisation and economic growth. The increasing number of vehicles on roads, widespread open waste burning, and industrial activities contribute significantly to the problem. The widespread use of biomass fuels for cooking also exacerbates air quality issues, particularly in rural areas.
Dr. Kwadwo Ansong, Deputy Director at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research–Savanna Agricultural Research Institute (CSIR-SARI), highlighted the danger. He stated that vehicle exhaust fumes contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classifies PAHs as carcinogenic, meaning they can cause cancer. Dr. Ansong urged the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority (DVLA) to implement stringent measures. These measures would reduce smoke emissions into the atmosphere. He also called on vehicle owners to maintain their engines properly to prevent excessive emissions.
A recent study by PSS Urbania Consult, supported by the Clean Air Fund, revealed these stark findings. The study identified major sources of air pollution. These include vehicular emissions, open waste burning, firewood use, pesticide application in farming, and dust from road construction. The Greater Accra Region, in particular, shows a deteriorating air quality situation.
Joseph Ayitio, Senior Urban Planner and Managing Partner of PSS Urbania Consult Ltd, advised Metropolitan, Municipal, and District Assemblies (MMDAs) to act. He recommended implementing measures to reduce air pollution in their areas. Mrs. Florence Kuukyi, Public Health Director of the Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA), confirmed ongoing efforts. The AMA has installed low-cost sensors across Accra to monitor pollution levels. They are also working to decongest traders operating near roadsides. This action aims to reduce traffic congestion and associated emissions.
The implications of inaction are severe for Ghana's public health and economy. Without urgent and sustained interventions, the health and economic burden from air pollution will continue to worsen. This will strain healthcare systems and reduce productivity. Decision-makers must prioritise stricter enforcement of vehicle emission regulations. They also need to improve urban planning and increase public awareness campaigns. These steps are crucial to prevent thousands of avoidable deaths linked to respiratory diseases, cardiovascular conditions, and cancer. The long-term economic stability of Ghana depends on a healthy workforce and environment.