An estimated 80% of Ghana's land falls under customary ownership, significantly complicating land administration. This complex structure creates major obstacles to effective land management, according to the Lands Commission. Family disputes, the multiple sale of the same plots, and inadequate planning on these lands are primary concerns.
This high proportion of customary land, with only 20% classified as public land, makes orderly development difficult. Public lands include state-owned properties and vested lands, where customary owners retain beneficial interest but the state holds legal interest. These arrangements mean institutions often manage land they do not fully control, leading to inefficiencies and disputes.
The prevalence of customary land ownership deeply impacts Ghana's economic and social development. Land is a crucial asset for investment, agriculture, and housing. When its administration is complicated by disputes and unclear ownership, it deters investors and slows down infrastructure projects. This situation also contributes to a backlog of land-related cases in the courts, draining judicial resources and creating uncertainty for property owners.
Surveyor Raphael Hokey, Deputy Executive Secretary for Operations at the Lands Commission, explained the challenges. He stated that roughly 80% of the land is customary, while only 20% is public. Mr. Hokey highlighted that disagreements within landowning families and disputes over traditional leadership frequently cause problems. These conflicts often lead to litigation, creating uncertainty for potential land buyers and developers.
The sale of a single parcel of land to different purchasers remains a persistent issue, fueling ownership disputes. This practice undermines trust in the land market and makes it harder for individuals and businesses to secure their investments. Beyond ownership conflicts, Mr. Hokey expressed concern about the lack of planning and basic infrastructure on some customary lands. Plots are often sold without access roads, essential services, or clearly marked boundaries, leaving buyers to face significant difficulties when developing their properties.
This lack of planning raises important questions about who should provide the necessary infrastructure. It is unclear whether landowning families or the State should bear this responsibility. The absence of basic amenities like roads and utilities on newly developed customary lands can lead to unplanned settlements and strain existing public services. This also affects the value and usability of the land for economic activities.
To address these challenges, Mr. Hokey emphasized the need for stronger cooperation among public institutions. He suggested that local assemblies should work more closely with the Police to tackle unauthorised construction. They should also pursue court orders when judicial intervention is required. Such coordinated efforts are essential to enforce land laws and ensure proper development.
Improving land administration is vital for Ghana's economic stability and growth. Clear land titles and efficient management attract both local and foreign investment. It also supports urban planning and ensures fair access to land for all citizens. The ongoing efforts to streamline land registration and resolve disputes are critical steps towards a more predictable and secure land market.