Geophagic clays sold in Kumasi markets contain dangerously high levels of toxic metals. A recent study found substances known locally as ‘Shire’ or ‘Ayilor’ had lead concentrations nearly 60 times the safety limit. Scientists from the Soil Research Institute of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR-SRI) conducted the analysis. Their findings were published in the Journal of Chemistry.
These clays are frequently consumed by pregnant women. They seek relief from throat irritation and nausea. The study examined seven potentially toxic elements. Researchers sampled 40 baked clay products. These came from eight major Kumasi markets. Markets included Abuakwa, Asafo, and Bantama. Other sampled sites were Central Market, Edwenease, Krofrom, Kwadaso, and Tanoso. Laboratory tests showed elevated levels of lead, cadmium, and arsenic. Iron, copper, nickel, zinc, and manganese were also found.
The total lead concentration measured 17.7mg kg–1. This is almost 60 times higher than the safety limit. The Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and World Health Organisation (WHO) set this at 0.3mgkg−1. Prolonged consumption poses serious, long-term health risks. Exposure to lead, even at low levels, increases cancer risk. The research emphasised severe health consequences like kidney, liver, and heart issues.
Geophagy, the practice of eating soil or clay, remains a cultural tradition in Ghana. It is particularly common among pregnant women. Dr Albert Kobina Mensah led the research team at CSIR-SRI. He explained cravings might stem from the clay's pleasant smell. He also noted its high iron content. Iron is crucial for haemoglobin formation. Pregnant women lose blood and need iron replenishment. This can increase red blood cell count.
Dr Mensah cautioned that toxic elements outweigh potential benefits. Heavy metals are needed in trace amounts. Even tiny amounts of toxins can be problematic. Cadmium, arsenic, and lead are carcinogenic. The body does not need these elements. The disadvantages of consuming contaminated clay overshadow any advantage. The presence of beneficial elements like iron does not negate the harm from toxins like arsenic.
Researchers recommend public education campaigns. These should target pregnant women specifically. Further investigations into the clay's source are also needed. Government and health organisations must inform communities. They should highlight the risks of this practice. Research needs to trace the clay back to its origins. Understanding the source will help prevent contamination. This cultural practice has significant public health implications. Such findings highlight the need for increased regulatory oversight of food products.
The findings raise concerns about consumer safety. They also call for better monitoring of locally produced goods. The potential economic impact on sellers of ‘Shire’ or ‘Ayilor’ is also a factor. Public health initiatives could involve collaboration between government bodies and health professionals. The focus should be on providing safe alternatives and accurate health information. This study contributes to a growing body of research on environmental health risks in urban and peri-urban areas.